by Adekunbi James
Meaning
Neurodivergence simply refers to divergence in normal mental or neurological function from what is considered normal. (Oxford Dictionary)
Neurodivergent: This refers to people who process information in a way that is not typical for their age.
This variation could include a diagnosed condition like autism or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but neurodivergence itself is not a diagnosis.
As much as the above term is very much related to the medical field, we in education have been left with no choice but to consider studying these neurological variations ourselves.
In other words, medicine diagnoses, while educators are saddled with the task of getting learning across in spite of the challenges the variation might pose. Hence, this write-up.
Common Types of Neurodivergence Found in the Classroom
1. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Autism, also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder, is a condition characterised by:
- Differences or difficulties in social communication and interaction
- A need or strong preference for predictability and routine
- Sensory processing differences
- Focused interests and repetitive behaviors
(Wikipedia)
Causes: Multifactorial, with many uncertain factors
Management: Applied behaviour analysis, cognitive behavioural therapy, occupational therapy, speech–language pathology
Complications: Social isolation, educational and employment difficulties, anxiety, stress, bullying, depression, self-harm, suicidality
Duration: Lifelong
Frequency: One in 100 people (1%) worldwide
Onset: Early childhood
2. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is marked by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.
Often beginning in childhood, it can persist into adulthood, potentially leading to:
- Low self-esteem
- Troubled relationships
- Difficulty at school or work
Symptoms: Limited attention span and hyperactivity
Treatments: Medication and talk therapy
(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and others)
3. Dyslexia
A learning disorder characterised by difficulty reading, dyslexia occurs in children with normal vision and intelligence.
Symptoms include:
- Late talking
- Learning new words slowly
- Delay in learning to read
Support: Most children with dyslexia can succeed in school with tutoring or a specialised education programme.
(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and others)
4. Dyscalculia
A learning disorder affecting the ability to understand number-based information and math.
Individuals with dyscalculia struggle with:
- Understanding numbers and numeracy
- Performing mathematical calculations
- Learning math facts
Their brains process math-related concepts differently from neurotypical individuals.
(Wikipedia)
5. Dysgraphia
Defined by Richards (1999) as a problem with expressing thoughts in written form.
Drotár & Dobeš (2020) further described it as a learning impairment causing:
- Illegible handwriting
- Spelling difficulties
- Poor organization of thoughts on paper
Home Support: The First Point of Care
Many times, parents of special needs learners go through denial and helplessness, which delays essential interventions and management.
Failure to act quickly:
- Endangers the child
- Exposes them to ridicule and name-calling
- Risks of long-term emotional damage
- May result in behavioural issues or even pose societal risks
Parents are the first line of protection — emotionally, spiritually, and physically. Delayed or inadequate support can cause irreparable harm.
On Sexual and Reproductive Health
Parents must be the first educators on body awareness, boundaries, and sexual health. Without this, neurodivergent children — especially autistic females — may become victims of sexual exploitation due to:
- Inability to defend themselves
- Inability to report abuse
- Predatory adults exploiting their vulnerability
Boys, too, are increasingly affected, and cases of sexual violence are being reported lately.
The need for home protection in all areas of development cannot be overemphasised.
Role of Educators
At school, educators must:
- Study each child’s unique learning style
- Assess the degree of need
- Determine how best to manage it, especially in inclusive environments
We must aim to create safe, supportive learning spaces that empower all learners.
Caution to Parents and Caregivers
- Avoid Comparison
Never compare a special needs learner’s achievements to those of other children, even those with similar diagnoses. - Educate Yourself
Learn about your child’s specific needs and how you can support their learning and growth. - Seek Help Early
While faith and prayer are important, early therapy is crucial.
Consult professionals — neurologists, behavioural therapists — and begin intervention early. - Advocate for Your Child
- Speak to schools before registration
- Assert their rights in public spaces (airports, churches, social events)
- Be their voice — never allow them to be belittled or mistreated
In Conclusion
Understanding and managing neurodivergence is not solely the work of medical professionals. Educators, parents, and society at large must come together to support neurodivergent individuals with empathy, education, and proactive care.
About the Author
Adekunbi James is an education consultant, school leader, Montessori specialist, and early years curriculum expert with over 13 years of active classroom and leadership experience. She is currently a Director at Grace Haven School, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria where she integrates global best practices into local learning frameworks to raise exceptional learners.
